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中国代表团团长、商务部副部长易小准在世界贸易组织（WTO）首次对中国贸易政策审议会议上的发言
2006年4月19日上午
尊敬的主席女士、各位大使、各位代表：
我很高兴率领中国代表团出席WTO对中国的首次贸易政策审议。
主席女士，首先，请允许我感谢您个人对此次中国审议所给予的关注。我同样要感谢讨论引导人，新加坡的葛福尔(Gafoor)大使为此次审议投入的时间和精力。我还要感谢秘书处，特别是由布南坎普(Boonekamp)先生和戴利(Daily)先生所领导的工作组为准备首次中国贸易政策审议所付出的巨大努力。我也要感谢成员们的参与。到目前为止，我们已经收到了1100多个问题。我们已经对其中大约400个问题做出了初步回答，一会儿将会散发。剩余的问题我们会在接下来的一个月中尽力回答。
主席女士，贸易政策审议是这个组织的基本职能之一，我们都认为其具有巨大的价值。为准备此次审议，中国中央政府的几乎所有部门都被动员了起来。在秘书处工作组对北京的三次访问中，数十位政府官员与他们进行了面对面的讨论，解释我们的政策背后的原因。这些政策要应对的是我们在未来可持续发展中所面临的挑战。他们中的大部分人目前正在国内做家庭作业，回答成员的问题。我们希望通过这次审议过程，能够为成员们提供一个真实的中国的面貌，使你们更好地了解中国的贸易政策。
2001年12月11日，中国经过15年的漫长谈判，成为了WTO成员。加入4年多以来，中国继续坚定不移地实行了改革开放这一1979年以来的基本国策，全面落实了加入时作出的广泛承诺。中国的市场经济体制已经确立，市场开放水平大幅度提高，经济保持了持续稳定快速的增长。
几个星期以前，我见到了乔治敦(Georgetown)大学的约翰•杰克逊（John H. Jackson）教授。1987年他第一次访问中国时，曾经提出，中国融入世界经济贸易体系，是对中国的挑战，也是对世界的挑战。现在，他认为中国已很好地应对了这一挑战。中国为加入WTO，为履行加入时作出的广泛承诺作出了巨大的努力。中国之所以作出如此巨大的努力，是因为我们充分认识到，中国的改革开放和建设社会主义市场经济体制的目标，与 “以开放的、市场导向的政策为基础”的世界贸易体制所倡导的原则和发展目标是一致的。在全球化趋势不断发展的今天，中国的发展离不开世界，世界的繁荣也离不开中国。
一、中国与多边经济体系的关系
（一）、中国经济快速增长，是对全球经济稳定增长的重要贡献。
主席女士，加入WTO以来，中国的国民经济继续保持了快速增长的势头。中国的国内生产总值（GDP）从2001年的约1.3万亿美元增长到了2005年的约2.2万亿美元，年均增长9.5%。人均GDP从2001年1042美元提高到了2005年的1700美元。稳定而快速增长的经济不仅进一步提高了13亿中国人民的生活水平，同时也为世界经济的稳定和增长提供了重要的动力。
中国是目前世界上发展速度最快、开放速度最快的市场之一。人民生活水平的改善使汽车、旅游、教育、通讯、住房等正在成为新的消费热点，购买力正在迅速增长。中国大规模的基础设施建设、产业改造和升级也为贸易伙伴增加对华出口提供了重要的契机。中国社会消费品零售总额和生产资料销售总额合计从2001年约1.1万亿美元增长到了2005年约2.6万亿美元，在这期间，中国从世界各国和各地区以年均超过28%的增幅，总共进口了近2.2万亿美元的货物。
中国出口在过去4年中的增长，既为中国提供了就业机会和经济增长的动力，也为来自世界各国各地区的投资者带来了巨大的利益。中国政府对外资一直持积极欢迎的态度。加入WTO后，随着加入承诺的逐项落实，中国的外资政策更加开放，更具可预见性。
到2005年底，中国注册的外商投资企业共有28万多家，外商直接投资在中国的存量2700多亿美元。去年中国的出口总额中，有4400多亿美元，即58%，来自于这些外商投资企业，它们的贸易顺差净值有844亿美元，占到中国贸易顺差总额的83%。
中国经济的发展还带来了中国海外投资的增长。中国政府实施了“走出去”战略，采取了放宽对境外投资外汇的管制等一系列措施，鼓励企业进行对外投资，尤其以广大发展中国家为重点目的地。2005年，中国对外直接投资为69.2亿美元，同比增长53.6%。其中，亚洲和非洲的发展中国家占当年中国对外投资总额的67.2%，是主要的目的地。中国的对外投资为东道国，特别是广大发展中成员经济的发展做出了贡献。
（二）、中国认真履行加入WTO的承诺，是国际贸易体系中负责任的一员。
主席女士，中国在实现自身长足发展的同时，在国际上承担起了与自己的发展水平相称的、与自己所作的承诺相一致的义务。
为了履行加入WTO承诺，中国十分重视向各级政府和官员以及社会各界宣传普及WTO的基本知识及其倡导的宗旨和原则，争取社会公众的支持。加入WTO以后，中国政府统一组织了一系列WTO培训班，培训了来自全国各地的高级公务人员。面向企业和社会的各种形式的培训也使社会各界受益。这些努力使WTO在中国家喻户晓，并让加入承诺的履行在中国得到了广泛支持。
中国加入WTO时所作出的广泛承诺，在加入4年多以后的今天已经全面得到了履行。中国的工业品平均关税水平在加入前是14.8%，2005年降低到了9.1%。农产品平均关税在加入前是23.2%，2005年降到了15.3%。中国还以实施税率为基础，100%约束了所有关税税目。中国成为WTO中关税水平比较低的成员。中国全部取消了进口数量限制；关税配额体制根据加入承诺进行了完善；包括银行、保险、分销、电信、法律、会计等在内的10余个服务部门，100个分部门的对外开放都已经达到了承诺的水平。中国与贸易有关的法律、法规和规章，在加入后按照WTO规则和中国所作出的承诺进行了大规模的清理和修订。秘书处报告列出了中国对与贸易有关的所有主要法律法规的制定和修订情况，清楚地体现了这一点。
中国在保护知识产权方面做出了巨大努力。知识产权保护是一个全球性的问题，甚至很多发达成员都面临着这一挑战。尽管由于经济、科技发展水平等多方面的客观原因，目前中国的知识产权保护水平与发达成员相比还有差距，但是必须指出，通过短短二十来年的努力，中国就在一个有着13亿人口的，最大的发展中国家建立起了完整的保护知识产权的立法和执法体系，大幅度地提高了社会公众的知识产权保护意识。特别是加入WTO以来，中国所有与知识产权保护有关的法律和法规都根据《TRIPs协定》的要求进行了修订，保护知识产权的执法力度不断加大。此外，从2004年起，中国还将每年4月的一周定为知识产权保护宣传周，目的就是要让每个公民都认识到侵犯知识产权是违法行为，要受到法律的惩处。中国政府所做的这些工作是实实在在的，成绩也是有目共睹的。中国有决心通过长期不懈的努力，不断提高知识产权保护的水平。
（三）、中国实行互利共赢的对外开放战略。
主席女士，中国在发展过程中坚持走开放的道路，坚持“互利共赢”的基本原则。
在经济全球化的客观背景下，中国的国际投资平稳增长。产业根据比较优势发生转移，在国际间重新布局，是国际经济贸易发展的必然规律。在这一过程中，中国坚持以可持续发展为目的的开放和国际合作。中国贸易结构的特点是，增值幅度相对较低的加工贸易占重要比例。中国从国际分工链中收取的是为数不多的加工费。这种贸易模式反应了中国对就业机会的需求。与此同时，它也为全世界的消费者提供了价廉物美的日常消费品，对进口方保持低通胀率起到了积极的作用。它还为向中国出口设备，原材料和其它制造业上游投入品的国家和地区提供了大量的就业机会，促进了它们经济的发展。中国与一些成员有贸易顺差，而与另外一些成员则存在逆差。而且，由于外国投资的流动，贸易顺差或逆差的一部分也会发生转移。总体上，中国的贸易顺差很有限。中国不追求贸易顺差。中国愿意和贸易伙伴共同努力，实现贸易大体平衡。我们也呼吁有关成员审议和放松出口管制，为更多产品进入中国市场创造条件。
主席女士，中国不仅通过自身的发展，使上亿中国人民摆脱贫困，而且还尽己所能，地为其他发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家和重债穷国提供帮助。迄今为止，中国共向110多个国家和区域组织提供了2000多个援助项目，减免了44个发展中国家约166亿元人民币的对华债务。去年9月，胡锦涛主席在联合国成立60周年首脑会议发展筹资高级别会议上，提出了中国为进一步加强对其他发展中国家的帮助而将采取的五项具体措施：
第一，中国决定给予所有同中国建交的39个最不发达国家部分商品零关税待遇，优惠范围将包括这些国家的多数对华出口商品。
第二，中国将进一步扩大对重债穷国和最不发达国家的援助规模，并通过双边渠道，在今后两年内免除所有同中国有外交关系的重债穷国2004年底前对华到期未还的全部无息和低息政府贷款。
第三，中国将在今后3年内向发展中国家提供100亿美元优惠贷款及优惠出口买方信贷，用以帮助发展中国家加强基础设施建设，推动双方企业开展合资合作。
第四，中国将增加对发展中国家的医疗援助，为其提供包括防疟特效药在内的药物，帮助他们建立和改善医疗设施、培训医疗人员。具体援助项目将通过中非合作论坛和双边渠道等机制进行。
第五，中国将在今后3年内为发展中国家培训培养3万名各类人才，帮助有关国家加快人才培养。
目前，这些措施目前正在逐一落实。
WTO秘书处最近为审议各成员向最不发达成员提供的市场准入情况，散发了一份名为《最不发达国家出口利益相关产品市场准入问题》的报告，文件号为WT/COMTD/LDC/W/38和TN/MA/S/19。这份报告显示，1999年以来，中国一直是最不发达国家（LDCs）产品的第三大出口市场，仅次于欧盟和美国。2003年LDCs向中国的出口中，有93.3%是免税准入。2003年中国进口的LDCs产品占LDCs对发展中国家出口总额的50.1%。2005年9月，中国宣布对LDCs产品进一步开放市场后，将使得95.2%的LDCs产品可享受免税待遇。
主席女士，中国一贯主张按照世贸组织的原则和规则，通过平等对话和协商来妥善处理贸易纠纷。本着这种精神，中国与贸易伙伴之间的许多问题得到了妥善处理和解决，维护了国际经济贸易关系的稳定。中国坚决反对贸易保护主义，反对任何违反WTO基本精神的歧视性措施。
（四）、中国积极维护和弘扬WTO的宗旨和原则，是推动多边贸易谈判的建设性力量。
主席女士，中国是多边贸易体制坚定的支持者和维护者。中国非常重视多哈回合谈判，在谈判过程中提出了40多个提案和立场文件，涵盖了谈判的很多领域。中国在2005年7月举办了大连小型部长会议，协调有关方面就谈判的难点问题进行深入的讨论。在2005年12月的香港会议期间，中国为推动会议取得成果起到了建设性作用。
中国认为，多哈回合必须以发展的主题为核心，发达成员应当承担更多责任，从而使多边贸易体制能够更加平衡地反映所有成员的贸易利益。尽管在加入WTO时中国已经做出了广泛的承诺，在履行承诺的过程中还存在很多的困难，但是中国还是在多哈回合中全力以赴，并愿意和其他成员一道，在多哈回合谈判中做出力所能及的贡献。
二、中国宏观经济政策的主要走向和“十一五规划”
（一）、通过扩大内需促进经济增长。
主席女士，关于中国的宏观经济政策，《中国政府政策声明》中已经有了详细的阐述，我不再重复。我在此仅想向诸位强调一点，那就是通过扩大内需来促进经济增长，是中国政府既定的政策，而且将长期坚持。
1998年至2004年，中国一直实施旨在扩大国内需求的扩张性的财政政策，通过发行长期建设国债，拉动投资需求，促进经济增长。这一时期是中国基础设施建设投资最多、力度最大、发展最快的时期。在它的有效刺激下，民间投资明显恢复，外商投资继续活跃。各类投资需求的共同作用使得全社会固定资产投资快速增长，投资需求成为拉动中国经济增长的重要动力。2001年至2005年，中国全社会固定资产投资累计完成29.5万亿元，约合3.6万亿美元，超过了1981到2000年20年间全社会固定资产投资的总和。在通过投资需求拉动经济增长的同时，中国政府还着力扩大消费需求，特别是7亿农民和广大农村市场的消费需求。
温家宝总理在今年3月向十届全国人大四次会议报告工作时，明确提出，中国政府将继续坚持扩大内需的方针，增强消费对经济的拉动作用。为此，中国政府将采取增加城乡居民收入，改善消费环境，完善消费信贷政策，改善消费心理预期等一系列政策措施。
（二）、关于“十一五规划”
国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划旨在全面反映根据当前中国经济社会发展所处的阶段而提出的科学发展观和建设和谐社会的发展理念，提出了“十一五”期间经济和社会发展的主要目标。鉴于其重要性，我愿意借此机会向大家做一简要介绍。
“十一五规划”的发展目标最主要的有两个，一是今后五年国内生产总值年均增长7.5%，二是“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值的能源消耗降低20%，主要污染物排放总量减少10%。主要的政策方向有以下几个方面。
首先，是更加关注农业、农村和农民问题。
在中国经济二十几年长足的发展中，农业的滞后越来越明显。目前，中国农业总体上仍然是小农生产模式，生产力水平低下，平均每个农业劳动力一年生产的粮食、肉类、水果等农产品的数量仅相当于发达国家的几十分之一。农民收入水平很低，日均收入在1美元以下的农民还有近2亿之多。农村基础设施落后的问题日益突出，文化教育水平低，社会保障事业滞后，农村富余劳动力转移压力巨大。
根据“十一五规划”，中国政府将加强农村基础设施建设，着力改善农村面貌，增加农民收入，进一步加大对农业的扶持力度，同时完成乡镇机构、农村义务教育和县乡财政管理体制等改革，扎实推进社会主义新农村的建设。
其次，科技创新、能源节约和环境保护成为推进经济结构调整的优先内容。
过去，中国的经济增长在很大程度上仍然是通过粗放的方式实现，能源资源消耗过大，环境生态的压力日益加重，科技创新能力薄弱。这种状况不得到根本扭转，中国很难长期保持经济稳定的发展，也很难为世界经济增长持续地做出贡献。
“十一五规划”提出，要从优化产业结构中求发展，从节约资源、保护环境中求发展。中国政府将通过制定更加严格的环境、安全、能耗、水耗、资源综合利用和质量、技术、规模等标准，来优化产业结构。同时，推动建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系，通过科技创新提升产业整体技术水平。
第三，更加注重区域间的平衡发展。
经济社会发展在地区之间的不平衡，也是中国发展道路上面临的一个严峻挑战。直到本世纪初，这种不平衡一直呈逐渐拉大的趋势。
为了解决地区发展差距不断扩大的问题，促进区域协调发展，过去几年中，中国政府逐步实施了区域发展战略，加大对落后地区的扶持力度，相继启动了西部大开发战略和东北地区老工业基地振兴战略，逐步形成了促进区域协调发展的总体战略布局。“十一五规划”进一步提出，要根据各个区域资源、环境承载能力和发展潜力，实施不同的发展政策。
主席女士，“十一五规划”还提出，要继续深化改革和扩大开放，统筹国内发展和对外开放的要求，继续互利共赢的开放战略。未来五年中，中国将致力于走可持续发展道路上。我相信实现可持续发展，不断提高人民的生活水平不仅中国及其贸易伙伴的愿望，也是WTO最根本的宗旨。中国愿意在未来的发展道路上，继续与各国保持在多边贸易体制中的沟通、交流与合作，为稳定和加强我们之间的经济贸易往来，实现可持续发展和共同繁荣做出努力。
主席女士，以WTO为代表的多边贸易体制在加强国际贸易环境的稳定性和可预测性方面发挥着不可替代的作用，为世界经济的增长做出了巨大贡献。中国加入WTO以来的有益经历很好地说明了这一点。因此，中国坚定地支持这一多边贸易体制，并将继续以建设性和坚定的态度参与到WTO的所有事业当中。从这一点出发，我们呼吁成员们在这一关键时刻加倍努力，推进多哈回合谈判，忠实全面地行使发展方面的授权，造福全世界人民。
我和我的同事愿意认真听取这次审议讨论引导人葛福尔（Gafoor）大使和各成员代表对中国贸易政策的评论，并愿尽最大努力回答成员提出的问题。
谢谢主席女士。
Statement by Vice Minister YI Xiaozhun,
Ministry of Commerce of China
and Head of the Chinese Delegation
to the First WTO Trade Policy Review of China
April 19, 2006, Morning Session
Honorable Madame Chairperson,
Distinguished Ambassadors and Representatives,
Good Morning. I am delighted to lead the Chinese delegation to the first WTO Trade Policy Review of China.
Firstly, Madam Chairperson, let me thank you for the personal attention you have given to this review of China. My thanks also go to our discussant Ambassador Gafoor of Singapore for his time and energy spent on the review. I would also like to thank the Secretariat, particularly the working team headed by Mr. Boonekamp and Mr. Daly for their tremendous efforts devoted to the preparing work of this first trade policy review of China. I would like to thank Members as well for their involvement in this exercise. Up to now we have received more than 1,100 questions. Initial responses have been prepared for around 400 of them which will be circulated shortly, and for the remainder, we will try our best to respond in the coming month.
Madam Chairperson, Trade Policy Review is one of the basic functions of this Organization in which we all see great value. In preparation of the first review process of China, almost all the government bodies of the Chinese Central Government were mobilized. Dozens of government officials participated in the face to face discussions with the working team of the Secretariat in their three visits to Beijing, explaining reasoning behind our policies which aim at meeting the great challenges ahead in our future sustainable development. More of them are now doing the home work at home to respond to Members’ questions. We hope that through this process, a genuine picture of China could be presented to Members to enable you to understand better its trade policies.
Madam Chairperson, on 11 December 2001, China became a WTO member after 15 years of lengthy negotiations. In the four years after its accession, China has continued unswervingly the basic state policy of reform and opening-up initiated in 1979 and implemented a wide range of commitments made upon its accession. China has set up a system of market economy. Its market has been widely opened, and its economy continues to grow rapidly.
A few weeks ago, I met Professor John H. Jackson from Georgetown University. In recalling his first visit to China in 1987, he had the view that China’s integration into the world trading system was as much a challenge to China as to the world. Now he believes that China has nicely coped with this challenge. China has made tremendous efforts to join the WTO and fulfill faithfully its extensive accession commitments. The reason why China has worked so hard is that we were convinced that the objectives of China’s reform and opening-up and the building of a socialist market economy coincide with WTO principles and objectives based on open and market-oriented policies. In the increasingly globalized world today, China cannot develop in isolation from the world and on the other hand, the world can not ignore China in the process to achieve prosperity.
I. The relationship between China and the multilateral trading system
(I). China’s fast economic growth has made a major contribution to the stable growth of the global economy.
Madame Chairperson, China has maintained rapid economic growth since its WTO accession. Its GDP increased from roughly US$ 1.3 trillion in 2001 to US$ 2.2 trillion in 2005, registering an averaged annual growth rate of 9.5%. In the same period, the per capita GDP grew from US$ 1042 in 2001 to US$1,700 in 2005. Steady and rapid economic growth has not only further improved the livelihood of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, but also provided a strong drive for the stability and growth of the global economy.
China is currently one of the fastest-growing and fastest-opening markets in the world. Improved living standard is stimulating a new wave of consumption in cars, tourism, education, communications and housing in China. The purchasing power is growing rapidly. The large-scale infrastructure projects, industrial transformation and upgrading also provided great opportunities for China’s trading partners to increase their exports to China. The aggregated sales of consumer goods and capital goods in China increased from US$ 1.1 trillion in 2001 to US$ 2.6 trillion in 2005. During the same period, China imported from various parts of the world nearly US$ 2.2 trillion worth of goods with an annual growth rate of 28%.
While China’s exports growth over the past four years provided jobs and added dynamics to its economic growth, it at the same time brought enormous benefits to investors from all over the world. China has always welcomed foreign investments with open arms. With the effective implementation of the accession commitments China’s foreign investment policies have become more open and more predictable.
By the end of 2005, there were 280,000 foreign invested enterprises registered in China. The stock of foreign direct investment had exceeded US$ 270 billion. Foreign funded enterprises contributed over US$ 440 billion to China’s exports, representing 58% of its total exports last year. They created a net trade surplus of US$ 84.4 billion or up to 83% of China’s total trade surplus.
China’s economic growth prompted its outbound investment as well. Following the “going global” strategy, the Chinese government has taken a series of measures, such as relaxing the foreign exchange control on outbound investment, to encourage Chinese entrepreneurs to invest abroad, particularly in developing countries. In 2005, China’s outbound direct investment amounted to US$ 6.92 billion, representing an increase of 53.6% over the previous year. Developing countries in Asia and Africa were major destinations for Chinese investors, taking up 67.2% of China’s total outbound investment of the year. It is hopeful that this investment has made contributions to the economy of host countries, especially the developing members.
(II). China has earnestly fulfilled its WTO commitments and honored its obligations within the multilateral trading system.
Madame Chairperson, while making significant progress in its own development, China has taken on itself international responsibility consistent with its commitments and the level of development.
To fulfil its WTO accession commitments, China has undertaken a lot of capacity-building programs on WTO-related subjects as well as publicity and educational campaigns to enhance general awareness of WTO principles so as to generate greater public support. Since its accession, the Chinese government has staged series of WTO training programs for senior public servants from all over the nation. In addition, educational programs targeting broader sectors of business community and society have also been performed to the benefit of various stakeholders. The above efforts have turned WTO a household name in China and won extensive support for the fulfillment of accession commitments.
With the lapse of four years up to now, the extensive commitments made by China at the time of accession have been comprehensively and fully implemented. China’s average tariff level of industrial goods was lowered from 14.8% before its accession to 9.1% in 2005. During the same period, the tariff level of agricultural products was down from 23.2% to 15.3%. Its tariff lines has been 100% bound based on the applied rates. China becomes a relatively low-tariff member within the WTO. China has completely phased out import quantitative restrictions. Its tariff quota system has been improved in line with its commitments. Over 10 service sectors and 100 sub-sectors including banking, insurance, distribution, telecoms, legal services and accounting have been liberalized to the committed levels. China’s trade-related laws, regulations and rules have been extensively reviewed and brought into full compliance with its commitments on accession. The WTO Secretariat report has demonstrated clearly with an annex of tables listing all the major legislative efforts by China to enact or modify its trade laws and regulations.
China has made tremendous efforts in IPR protection. IPR protection is a global issue, a challenge faced by even many developed Members. Although a gap remains between China and developed Members in IPR protection, which is caused by a variety of reasons including the level of economic development and technological competence, it still needs to be pointed out that within merely twenty years, a complete legislative and enforcement system for IPR protection has been put in place in China, the biggest developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, and that the public awareness about IPR protection has been dramatically raised. Most typically, since China’s WTO accession, all its IPR-related laws and regulations have been amended to conform to the TRIPs Agreement and the IPR enforcement efforts have been continuously intensified. In addition, China has since 2004 designated a week in April every year as the week to campaign for IPR protection, with the aim of reminding every citizen that IPR violation is a crime and will be penalized by the law. All these are concrete measures by the Chinese government and have produced positive results. China is determined to constantly improve IPR protection through long-standing efforts.
(III). China practices an opening-up policy based on the principle of mutual benefits.
Madame Chairperson, China adheres to the policy of opening-up over the course of its development. At the same time, China believes strongly in the principle of mutual benefits for win-win results.
Against the backdrop of economic globalization, international investments in China have been growing steadily. Industrial redeployments are taking place at international level on the basis of comparative advantage, reflecting a major trend of the global economy. In this process, China has remained committed to opening-up and international cooperation for sustainable development. One feature of our trade structure is that processing trade constitutes a fairly large proportion but actually generates relatively low added value in China. What China gets is moderate processing fees from this type of international division of labor. This trade pattern reflects the needs of China for more job creation. At the same time, China has been providing overseas consumers with quality goods for very good prices. This has played a positive role in keeping inflation rates low in importing countries. It has also contributed to job creation and economic growth for those members who export equipment, materials and other inputs to China. China has trade surplus with some members but runs trade deficits with others. And it is fair to say that some of those trade surpluses or deficits shift from place to another along with flows of foreign investments. In general, China only has a limited surplus and it is not our policy to pursue trade surplus. China stands for rough balance in trade and is ready to work with its trading partners toward that end. On the other hand, we call on some members to relax their current export restrictions and do more to facilitate their firms to export more to the Chinese markets.
Madame Chairperson, through arduous efforts, China has lifted hundred of millions of its people out of poverty. In this regard, China has also made concrete efforts commensurate with its capacity to help other developing nations, especially the least developed countries (LDCs) and heavily-indebted poor countries (HIPCs). So far, China has conducted more than 2,000 aid programs towards 110 countries and regional organizations; China has written off a total of RMB 16.6 billion yuan in debts owed by 44 developing countries. Last September, at the high-level meeting on financing for development on the United Nations’ 60th Anniversary, Chinese President HU Jintao announced following five concrete measures on increasing assistance to other developing countries:
1. China will give duty-free treatment to products from the 39 LDCs that have diplomatic relations with China, covering most China-bound exports from those countries.
2. China will further expand its aid programs to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) and LDCs. Through bilateral arrangements over the next two years, we will write off all the overdue parts as of year-end 2004 of our concessionary loans owed by HIPCs having diplomatic relations with China.
3. Over the next three years, China will provide US$10 billion in concessionary loans and preferential credits to developing countries to improve infrastructure development and promote business partnership.
4. China will provide more medical assistance to developing countries by supplying more anti-malaria drugs and other medicines, building medical facilities and training medical staff. Specific programs will be implemented through such mechanism as the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation as well as bilateral channels.
5. China will contribute more in human resources development by committing itself to train 30,000 personnel of various professions for developing countries over the next three years.
All the above measures are in the process of implementation.
The WTO Secretariat has recently circulated a document entitled Market Access Issues Related to Products of Export Interest Originating from Least Developed Countries, (WT/COMTD/LDC/W/38 and TN/MA/S/19), which suggests that since 1999 China has remained the third largest export market for LDCs, next only to the EC and US. In 2003, 93.3% of the exports from LDCs to China entered duty free, and China absorbed 50.1% of the imports by all developing countries from LDCs. In September 2005, China announced to provide greater duty-free market access to LDCs to cover eventually 95.2% of their products.
Madame Chairperson, China is of the view that trade disputes should be properly addressed through dialogue on equal footing, in accordance with WTO rules and principles. In this spirit, China has properly accommodated and resolved many issues with its trading partners and maintained the stability of international trade relations. China is firmly opposed to trade protectionism and any discriminatory measures that run counter to the basic WTO spirit.
(IV). As a firm proponent in WTO mission and principle, China has been playing a constructive role in the multilateral trade negotiations.
Madame Chairperson, China is a firm proponent and upholder of the multilateral trading system. China attaches great importance to the ongoing DDA negotiations and has so far tabled more than 40 proposals and position papers which cover many sectors of the negotiations. Furthermore, it hosted a Mini-Ministerial WTO conference in Dalian, China in July 2005 to facilitate in-depth discussions and negotiations on those difficult issues in the negotiations. At the Hong Kong WTO Ministerial in December 2005, China played a constructive role for the success of the conference.
China is of the view that the Doha Round must place the theme of development to its heart. Developed members should take on more responsibilities so that the multilateral trading system can reflect the trade interests of all members in a more balanced manner. Despite the extensive commitments made by China upon its accession and the numerous difficulties in fulfilling the commitments, China is fully committed to the DDA and is willing to work with others and make appropriate contributions in the process of WTO negotiations compatible with its own capacities.
II. Highlights of China’s Macro-economic Policy and the Latest Five-Year Development Programme
(I). Promoting economic growth by expanding domestic demand
Madame Chairperson, China’s Government Policy Statement contains elaborations on our macro-economic policy, which I am not going to repeat. I just want to stress the point that it is our set policy to seek economic growth by stimulating domestic demands and it will remain so in the long run.
Between 1998 and 2004, China practiced an expansionary fiscal policy aimed at expanding domestic demand whereby long-term treasury bonds on infrastructure building were issued to drive up investments and spur economic growth. During this period, investments in infrastructure were very high, resulting in the fastest development in infrastructure. This being an effective stimulant, private investments also picked up substantially and foreign investments stayed vigorous. The collective effect of various investments resulted in a rapid increase in China’s overall fixed asset investments. Investments became a critical driving force behind China’s economic growth. Between 2001 and 2005, China registered an accumulative total of RMB29.5 trillion yuan or US$3.6 trillion in fixed assets investment, higher than the aggregate such investments between 1981 and 2000. While investments continue to fuel economic growth in China, the Chinese government also seeks to expand consumer demands, especially by those 700 million farmers and the rural markets.
In his work report to the 4th plenary session of the 10th National People Congress held in March 2006, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao stated clearly that the government would adhere to the policy of expanding domestic demand so that consumption can play a bigger role in China’s economic growth. To that end, the Chinese government will take a series of policy measures including those for increasing incomes of residents, improving environment of consumption, streamlining credit policy and uplifting consumer expectations.
(II) .On the 11th Five-year Programme
The latest Five-Year Programme for National Economic and Social Development is designed to fully reflect the scientific outlook on development and the philosophy of building a harmonious society in the context of China in its pursuit of social-economic development. It lays out the expected objectives of social-economic development during the period of 2006-2010. Given its importance, I would like to highlight here some of the main features of this document.
The two fundamental goals for China’s development over the next five years are: 1) to maintain an average 7.5% annual GDP growth rate; and 2) to reduce energy consumption per unit GDP by 20% and the discharge of major pollutants by 10%. The policy has the following orientations.
First, more attention will be directed to the three-fold issue of agriculture, rural development and farmers.
In the course of China’s economic development in the past two decades, agriculture has increasingly been left behind. Currently, China’s agriculture still relies on small-scale farming with low productivity. On average, the quantity of grains, meat and fruits produced by a Chinese farmer a year is less than 10% of that in a developed country. Farmers have very low incomes. Nearly 200 million farmers in China still earn less than one dollar a day. Underdeveloped rural infrastructure is an increasingly pronounced problem. Other problems include weak education, backward social welfare, and tremendous pressure resulting from surpluses in agricultural population.
Over the next five years, China will intensify rural infrastructure development with a view to improving rural landscape and increasing farmer incomes. We will have to give more support to agriculture and carry out reforms in rural institutions, compulsory education in the countryside and the fiscal management systems in counties and villages so as to practically push forward the building of socialist “new countryside”.
Second, technological innovation, energy conservation and environmental protection are priority areas in China’s further economic restructuring.
In the past, the mode of economic growth was pretty extensive, which takes a heavy toll on energy and resources, puts mounting pressure on the eco-environment, and weakens innovative capabilities. If this situation is not fundamentally reversed, long-term economic stability and sustainable growth is hard to come by, and therefore it would be difficult for China to make lasting contributions to the world economy.
In the next five years, China would optimize the industrial structure, and pay more attention to save resources and protect the environment in the process of its development. This means that more rigorous environmental, safety, energy, water and resource-using standards as well as stricter quality, technology and scale criteria would be introduced to usher in better industrial structure. And businesses would be encouraged to play a bigger role in technological innovation driven by market forces, and more emphasis will be placed on combining the forces of industries with academics in research and innovation so as to raise its overall technological competence of our country.
Third, greater importance will be attached to balancing regional development.
The imbalance of social-economic development between different regions of China is a serious challenge on China’s way to development. Until the early 21st century, this imbalance had been gradually widening.
To close up the gap in development between regions and to promote their harmonious development, the Chinese government has implemented step by step its regional development strategies over the past few years. We have increased the level of support to underdeveloped regions. We have launched the strategy of western region development and that of revitalizing the old industrial bases in northeast China. An overall strategic pattern for coordinated development among different regions in China is gradually taking shape. It should be pointed out that over the next five years, the development policies will be tailored to the resources, environmental capacities and development potentials of each region.
Madame Chairperson, as its set national policy, China would continue to deepen its reform and opening-up by balancing domestic development with the needs of opening-up. China would continue to pursue the opening-up strategy under the principle of mutual benefits for win-win results. China is devoted to sustainable development in years ahead. I believe that the common aspiration shared by both China and its trading partners is to realize sustainable development and improve people’s living standards on a long-term basis. It is also the fundamental mission of the WTO. For the sake of sustainable development and common prosperity, China is willing to work closely with all WTO Members in developing the robust ties of dialogue and cooperation between us, and China is prepared to do whatever it can to strengthen trade and economic exchanges with our partners through out the world.
Madam Chairperson, the multilateral trading system represented by the WTO has played an irreplaceable role in improving the stability and predictability of international trade environment. It has contributed a lot to the growth of the world economy. The positive experience of China since its accession to the WTO has illustrated the point pretty well. China is, therefore, firmly committed to the multilateral trading system and will continue to participate in all WTO undertakings in a constructive and steadfast manner. In this regard, we would like to call on Members to redouble the efforts in trying to move forward the Doha Round negotiations at this crucial juncture, and to deliver faithfully and comprehensively the mandate of development in order to benefit people all over the world.
My colleagues and I will listen attentively to the comments of Ambassador Gafoor, the discussant and other members on China’s trade policy. We would also try our best to respond to the questions and comments that might follow.
I thank you, Madame Chairperson.
尊敬的主席女士、各位大使、各位代表：
我很高兴率领中国代表团出席WTO对中国的首次贸易政策审议。
主席女士，首先，请允许我感谢您个人对此次中国审议所给予的关注。我同样要感谢讨论引导人，新加坡的葛福尔(Gafoor)大使为此次审议投入的时间和精力。我还要感谢秘书处，特别是由布南坎普(Boonekamp)先生和戴利(Daily)先生所领导的工作组为准备首次中国贸易政策审议所付出的巨大努力。我也要感谢成员们的参与。到目前为止，我们已经收到了1100多个问题。我们已经对其中大约400个问题做出了初步回答，一会儿将会散发。剩余的问题我们会在接下来的一个月中尽力回答。
主席女士，贸易政策审议是这个组织的基本职能之一，我们都认为其具有巨大的价值。为准备此次审议，中国中央政府的几乎所有部门都被动员了起来。在秘书处工作组对北京的三次访问中，数十位政府官员与他们进行了面对面的讨论，解释我们的政策背后的原因。这些政策要应对的是我们在未来可持续发展中所面临的挑战。他们中的大部分人目前正在国内做家庭作业，回答成员的问题。我们希望通过这次审议过程，能够为成员们提供一个真实的中国的面貌，使你们更好地了解中国的贸易政策。
2001年12月11日，中国经过15年的漫长谈判，成为了WTO成员。加入4年多以来，中国继续坚定不移地实行了改革开放这一1979年以来的基本国策，全面落实了加入时作出的广泛承诺。中国的市场经济体制已经确立，市场开放水平大幅度提高，经济保持了持续稳定快速的增长。
几个星期以前，我见到了乔治敦(Georgetown)大学的约翰•杰克逊（John H. Jackson）教授。1987年他第一次访问中国时，曾经提出，中国融入世界经济贸易体系，是对中国的挑战，也是对世界的挑战。现在，他认为中国已很好地应对了这一挑战。中国为加入WTO，为履行加入时作出的广泛承诺作出了巨大的努力。中国之所以作出如此巨大的努力，是因为我们充分认识到，中国的改革开放和建设社会主义市场经济体制的目标，与 “以开放的、市场导向的政策为基础”的世界贸易体制所倡导的原则和发展目标是一致的。在全球化趋势不断发展的今天，中国的发展离不开世界，世界的繁荣也离不开中国。
一、中国与多边经济体系的关系
（一）、中国经济快速增长，是对全球经济稳定增长的重要贡献。
主席女士，加入WTO以来，中国的国民经济继续保持了快速增长的势头。中国的国内生产总值（GDP）从2001年的约1.3万亿美元增长到了2005年的约2.2万亿美元，年均增长9.5%。人均GDP从2001年1042美元提高到了2005年的1700美元。稳定而快速增长的经济不仅进一步提高了13亿中国人民的生活水平，同时也为世界经济的稳定和增长提供了重要的动力。
中国是目前世界上发展速度最快、开放速度最快的市场之一。人民生活水平的改善使汽车、旅游、教育、通讯、住房等正在成为新的消费热点，购买力正在迅速增长。中国大规模的基础设施建设、产业改造和升级也为贸易伙伴增加对华出口提供了重要的契机。中国社会消费品零售总额和生产资料销售总额合计从2001年约1.1万亿美元增长到了2005年约2.6万亿美元，在这期间，中国从世界各国和各地区以年均超过28%的增幅，总共进口了近2.2万亿美元的货物。
中国出口在过去4年中的增长，既为中国提供了就业机会和经济增长的动力，也为来自世界各国各地区的投资者带来了巨大的利益。中国政府对外资一直持积极欢迎的态度。加入WTO后，随着加入承诺的逐项落实，中国的外资政策更加开放，更具可预见性。
到2005年底，中国注册的外商投资企业共有28万多家，外商直接投资在中国的存量2700多亿美元。去年中国的出口总额中，有4400多亿美元，即58%，来自于这些外商投资企业，它们的贸易顺差净值有844亿美元，占到中国贸易顺差总额的83%。
中国经济的发展还带来了中国海外投资的增长。中国政府实施了“走出去”战略，采取了放宽对境外投资外汇的管制等一系列措施，鼓励企业进行对外投资，尤其以广大发展中国家为重点目的地。2005年，中国对外直接投资为69.2亿美元，同比增长53.6%。其中，亚洲和非洲的发展中国家占当年中国对外投资总额的67.2%，是主要的目的地。中国的对外投资为东道国，特别是广大发展中成员经济的发展做出了贡献。
（二）、中国认真履行加入WTO的承诺，是国际贸易体系中负责任的一员。
主席女士，中国在实现自身长足发展的同时，在国际上承担起了与自己的发展水平相称的、与自己所作的承诺相一致的义务。
为了履行加入WTO承诺，中国十分重视向各级政府和官员以及社会各界宣传普及WTO的基本知识及其倡导的宗旨和原则，争取社会公众的支持。加入WTO以后，中国政府统一组织了一系列WTO培训班，培训了来自全国各地的高级公务人员。面向企业和社会的各种形式的培训也使社会各界受益。这些努力使WTO在中国家喻户晓，并让加入承诺的履行在中国得到了广泛支持。
中国加入WTO时所作出的广泛承诺，在加入4年多以后的今天已经全面得到了履行。中国的工业品平均关税水平在加入前是14.8%，2005年降低到了9.1%。农产品平均关税在加入前是23.2%，2005年降到了15.3%。中国还以实施税率为基础，100%约束了所有关税税目。中国成为WTO中关税水平比较低的成员。中国全部取消了进口数量限制；关税配额体制根据加入承诺进行了完善；包括银行、保险、分销、电信、法律、会计等在内的10余个服务部门，100个分部门的对外开放都已经达到了承诺的水平。中国与贸易有关的法律、法规和规章，在加入后按照WTO规则和中国所作出的承诺进行了大规模的清理和修订。秘书处报告列出了中国对与贸易有关的所有主要法律法规的制定和修订情况，清楚地体现了这一点。
中国在保护知识产权方面做出了巨大努力。知识产权保护是一个全球性的问题，甚至很多发达成员都面临着这一挑战。尽管由于经济、科技发展水平等多方面的客观原因，目前中国的知识产权保护水平与发达成员相比还有差距，但是必须指出，通过短短二十来年的努力，中国就在一个有着13亿人口的，最大的发展中国家建立起了完整的保护知识产权的立法和执法体系，大幅度地提高了社会公众的知识产权保护意识。特别是加入WTO以来，中国所有与知识产权保护有关的法律和法规都根据《TRIPs协定》的要求进行了修订，保护知识产权的执法力度不断加大。此外，从2004年起，中国还将每年4月的一周定为知识产权保护宣传周，目的就是要让每个公民都认识到侵犯知识产权是违法行为，要受到法律的惩处。中国政府所做的这些工作是实实在在的，成绩也是有目共睹的。中国有决心通过长期不懈的努力，不断提高知识产权保护的水平。
（三）、中国实行互利共赢的对外开放战略。
主席女士，中国在发展过程中坚持走开放的道路，坚持“互利共赢”的基本原则。
在经济全球化的客观背景下，中国的国际投资平稳增长。产业根据比较优势发生转移，在国际间重新布局，是国际经济贸易发展的必然规律。在这一过程中，中国坚持以可持续发展为目的的开放和国际合作。中国贸易结构的特点是，增值幅度相对较低的加工贸易占重要比例。中国从国际分工链中收取的是为数不多的加工费。这种贸易模式反应了中国对就业机会的需求。与此同时，它也为全世界的消费者提供了价廉物美的日常消费品，对进口方保持低通胀率起到了积极的作用。它还为向中国出口设备，原材料和其它制造业上游投入品的国家和地区提供了大量的就业机会，促进了它们经济的发展。中国与一些成员有贸易顺差，而与另外一些成员则存在逆差。而且，由于外国投资的流动，贸易顺差或逆差的一部分也会发生转移。总体上，中国的贸易顺差很有限。中国不追求贸易顺差。中国愿意和贸易伙伴共同努力，实现贸易大体平衡。我们也呼吁有关成员审议和放松出口管制，为更多产品进入中国市场创造条件。
主席女士，中国不仅通过自身的发展，使上亿中国人民摆脱贫困，而且还尽己所能，地为其他发展中国家，特别是最不发达国家和重债穷国提供帮助。迄今为止，中国共向110多个国家和区域组织提供了2000多个援助项目，减免了44个发展中国家约166亿元人民币的对华债务。去年9月，胡锦涛主席在联合国成立60周年首脑会议发展筹资高级别会议上，提出了中国为进一步加强对其他发展中国家的帮助而将采取的五项具体措施：
第一，中国决定给予所有同中国建交的39个最不发达国家部分商品零关税待遇，优惠范围将包括这些国家的多数对华出口商品。
第二，中国将进一步扩大对重债穷国和最不发达国家的援助规模，并通过双边渠道，在今后两年内免除所有同中国有外交关系的重债穷国2004年底前对华到期未还的全部无息和低息政府贷款。
第三，中国将在今后3年内向发展中国家提供100亿美元优惠贷款及优惠出口买方信贷，用以帮助发展中国家加强基础设施建设，推动双方企业开展合资合作。
第四，中国将增加对发展中国家的医疗援助，为其提供包括防疟特效药在内的药物，帮助他们建立和改善医疗设施、培训医疗人员。具体援助项目将通过中非合作论坛和双边渠道等机制进行。
第五，中国将在今后3年内为发展中国家培训培养3万名各类人才，帮助有关国家加快人才培养。
目前，这些措施目前正在逐一落实。
WTO秘书处最近为审议各成员向最不发达成员提供的市场准入情况，散发了一份名为《最不发达国家出口利益相关产品市场准入问题》的报告，文件号为WT/COMTD/LDC/W/38和TN/MA/S/19。这份报告显示，1999年以来，中国一直是最不发达国家（LDCs）产品的第三大出口市场，仅次于欧盟和美国。2003年LDCs向中国的出口中，有93.3%是免税准入。2003年中国进口的LDCs产品占LDCs对发展中国家出口总额的50.1%。2005年9月，中国宣布对LDCs产品进一步开放市场后，将使得95.2%的LDCs产品可享受免税待遇。
主席女士，中国一贯主张按照世贸组织的原则和规则，通过平等对话和协商来妥善处理贸易纠纷。本着这种精神，中国与贸易伙伴之间的许多问题得到了妥善处理和解决，维护了国际经济贸易关系的稳定。中国坚决反对贸易保护主义，反对任何违反WTO基本精神的歧视性措施。
（四）、中国积极维护和弘扬WTO的宗旨和原则，是推动多边贸易谈判的建设性力量。
主席女士，中国是多边贸易体制坚定的支持者和维护者。中国非常重视多哈回合谈判，在谈判过程中提出了40多个提案和立场文件，涵盖了谈判的很多领域。中国在2005年7月举办了大连小型部长会议，协调有关方面就谈判的难点问题进行深入的讨论。在2005年12月的香港会议期间，中国为推动会议取得成果起到了建设性作用。
中国认为，多哈回合必须以发展的主题为核心，发达成员应当承担更多责任，从而使多边贸易体制能够更加平衡地反映所有成员的贸易利益。尽管在加入WTO时中国已经做出了广泛的承诺，在履行承诺的过程中还存在很多的困难，但是中国还是在多哈回合中全力以赴，并愿意和其他成员一道，在多哈回合谈判中做出力所能及的贡献。
二、中国宏观经济政策的主要走向和“十一五规划”
（一）、通过扩大内需促进经济增长。
主席女士，关于中国的宏观经济政策，《中国政府政策声明》中已经有了详细的阐述，我不再重复。我在此仅想向诸位强调一点，那就是通过扩大内需来促进经济增长，是中国政府既定的政策，而且将长期坚持。
1998年至2004年，中国一直实施旨在扩大国内需求的扩张性的财政政策，通过发行长期建设国债，拉动投资需求，促进经济增长。这一时期是中国基础设施建设投资最多、力度最大、发展最快的时期。在它的有效刺激下，民间投资明显恢复，外商投资继续活跃。各类投资需求的共同作用使得全社会固定资产投资快速增长，投资需求成为拉动中国经济增长的重要动力。2001年至2005年，中国全社会固定资产投资累计完成29.5万亿元，约合3.6万亿美元，超过了1981到2000年20年间全社会固定资产投资的总和。在通过投资需求拉动经济增长的同时，中国政府还着力扩大消费需求，特别是7亿农民和广大农村市场的消费需求。
温家宝总理在今年3月向十届全国人大四次会议报告工作时，明确提出，中国政府将继续坚持扩大内需的方针，增强消费对经济的拉动作用。为此，中国政府将采取增加城乡居民收入，改善消费环境，完善消费信贷政策，改善消费心理预期等一系列政策措施。
（二）、关于“十一五规划”
国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划旨在全面反映根据当前中国经济社会发展所处的阶段而提出的科学发展观和建设和谐社会的发展理念，提出了“十一五”期间经济和社会发展的主要目标。鉴于其重要性，我愿意借此机会向大家做一简要介绍。
“十一五规划”的发展目标最主要的有两个，一是今后五年国内生产总值年均增长7.5%，二是“十一五”期间单位国内生产总值的能源消耗降低20%，主要污染物排放总量减少10%。主要的政策方向有以下几个方面。
首先，是更加关注农业、农村和农民问题。
在中国经济二十几年长足的发展中，农业的滞后越来越明显。目前，中国农业总体上仍然是小农生产模式，生产力水平低下，平均每个农业劳动力一年生产的粮食、肉类、水果等农产品的数量仅相当于发达国家的几十分之一。农民收入水平很低，日均收入在1美元以下的农民还有近2亿之多。农村基础设施落后的问题日益突出，文化教育水平低，社会保障事业滞后，农村富余劳动力转移压力巨大。
根据“十一五规划”，中国政府将加强农村基础设施建设，着力改善农村面貌，增加农民收入，进一步加大对农业的扶持力度，同时完成乡镇机构、农村义务教育和县乡财政管理体制等改革，扎实推进社会主义新农村的建设。
其次，科技创新、能源节约和环境保护成为推进经济结构调整的优先内容。
过去，中国的经济增长在很大程度上仍然是通过粗放的方式实现，能源资源消耗过大，环境生态的压力日益加重，科技创新能力薄弱。这种状况不得到根本扭转，中国很难长期保持经济稳定的发展，也很难为世界经济增长持续地做出贡献。
“十一五规划”提出，要从优化产业结构中求发展，从节约资源、保护环境中求发展。中国政府将通过制定更加严格的环境、安全、能耗、水耗、资源综合利用和质量、技术、规模等标准，来优化产业结构。同时，推动建立以企业为主体、市场为导向、产学研相结合的技术创新体系，通过科技创新提升产业整体技术水平。
第三，更加注重区域间的平衡发展。
经济社会发展在地区之间的不平衡，也是中国发展道路上面临的一个严峻挑战。直到本世纪初，这种不平衡一直呈逐渐拉大的趋势。
为了解决地区发展差距不断扩大的问题，促进区域协调发展，过去几年中，中国政府逐步实施了区域发展战略，加大对落后地区的扶持力度，相继启动了西部大开发战略和东北地区老工业基地振兴战略，逐步形成了促进区域协调发展的总体战略布局。“十一五规划”进一步提出，要根据各个区域资源、环境承载能力和发展潜力，实施不同的发展政策。
主席女士，“十一五规划”还提出，要继续深化改革和扩大开放，统筹国内发展和对外开放的要求，继续互利共赢的开放战略。未来五年中，中国将致力于走可持续发展道路上。我相信实现可持续发展，不断提高人民的生活水平不仅中国及其贸易伙伴的愿望，也是WTO最根本的宗旨。中国愿意在未来的发展道路上，继续与各国保持在多边贸易体制中的沟通、交流与合作，为稳定和加强我们之间的经济贸易往来，实现可持续发展和共同繁荣做出努力。
主席女士，以WTO为代表的多边贸易体制在加强国际贸易环境的稳定性和可预测性方面发挥着不可替代的作用，为世界经济的增长做出了巨大贡献。中国加入WTO以来的有益经历很好地说明了这一点。因此，中国坚定地支持这一多边贸易体制，并将继续以建设性和坚定的态度参与到WTO的所有事业当中。从这一点出发，我们呼吁成员们在这一关键时刻加倍努力，推进多哈回合谈判，忠实全面地行使发展方面的授权，造福全世界人民。
我和我的同事愿意认真听取这次审议讨论引导人葛福尔（Gafoor）大使和各成员代表对中国贸易政策的评论，并愿尽最大努力回答成员提出的问题。
谢谢主席女士。
Ministry of Commerce of China
and Head of the Chinese Delegation
to the First WTO Trade Policy Review of China
April 19, 2006, Morning Session
Honorable Madame Chairperson,
Distinguished Ambassadors and Representatives,
Good Morning. I am delighted to lead the Chinese delegation to the first WTO Trade Policy Review of China.
Firstly, Madam Chairperson, let me thank you for the personal attention you have given to this review of China. My thanks also go to our discussant Ambassador Gafoor of Singapore for his time and energy spent on the review. I would also like to thank the Secretariat, particularly the working team headed by Mr. Boonekamp and Mr. Daly for their tremendous efforts devoted to the preparing work of this first trade policy review of China. I would like to thank Members as well for their involvement in this exercise. Up to now we have received more than 1,100 questions. Initial responses have been prepared for around 400 of them which will be circulated shortly, and for the remainder, we will try our best to respond in the coming month.
Madam Chairperson, Trade Policy Review is one of the basic functions of this Organization in which we all see great value. In preparation of the first review process of China, almost all the government bodies of the Chinese Central Government were mobilized. Dozens of government officials participated in the face to face discussions with the working team of the Secretariat in their three visits to Beijing, explaining reasoning behind our policies which aim at meeting the great challenges ahead in our future sustainable development. More of them are now doing the home work at home to respond to Members’ questions. We hope that through this process, a genuine picture of China could be presented to Members to enable you to understand better its trade policies.
Madam Chairperson, on 11 December 2001, China became a WTO member after 15 years of lengthy negotiations. In the four years after its accession, China has continued unswervingly the basic state policy of reform and opening-up initiated in 1979 and implemented a wide range of commitments made upon its accession. China has set up a system of market economy. Its market has been widely opened, and its economy continues to grow rapidly.
A few weeks ago, I met Professor John H. Jackson from Georgetown University. In recalling his first visit to China in 1987, he had the view that China’s integration into the world trading system was as much a challenge to China as to the world. Now he believes that China has nicely coped with this challenge. China has made tremendous efforts to join the WTO and fulfill faithfully its extensive accession commitments. The reason why China has worked so hard is that we were convinced that the objectives of China’s reform and opening-up and the building of a socialist market economy coincide with WTO principles and objectives based on open and market-oriented policies. In the increasingly globalized world today, China cannot develop in isolation from the world and on the other hand, the world can not ignore China in the process to achieve prosperity.
I. The relationship between China and the multilateral trading system
(I). China’s fast economic growth has made a major contribution to the stable growth of the global economy.
Madame Chairperson, China has maintained rapid economic growth since its WTO accession. Its GDP increased from roughly US$ 1.3 trillion in 2001 to US$ 2.2 trillion in 2005, registering an averaged annual growth rate of 9.5%. In the same period, the per capita GDP grew from US$ 1042 in 2001 to US$1,700 in 2005. Steady and rapid economic growth has not only further improved the livelihood of the 1.3 billion Chinese people, but also provided a strong drive for the stability and growth of the global economy.
China is currently one of the fastest-growing and fastest-opening markets in the world. Improved living standard is stimulating a new wave of consumption in cars, tourism, education, communications and housing in China. The purchasing power is growing rapidly. The large-scale infrastructure projects, industrial transformation and upgrading also provided great opportunities for China’s trading partners to increase their exports to China. The aggregated sales of consumer goods and capital goods in China increased from US$ 1.1 trillion in 2001 to US$ 2.6 trillion in 2005. During the same period, China imported from various parts of the world nearly US$ 2.2 trillion worth of goods with an annual growth rate of 28%.
While China’s exports growth over the past four years provided jobs and added dynamics to its economic growth, it at the same time brought enormous benefits to investors from all over the world. China has always welcomed foreign investments with open arms. With the effective implementation of the accession commitments China’s foreign investment policies have become more open and more predictable.
By the end of 2005, there were 280,000 foreign invested enterprises registered in China. The stock of foreign direct investment had exceeded US$ 270 billion. Foreign funded enterprises contributed over US$ 440 billion to China’s exports, representing 58% of its total exports last year. They created a net trade surplus of US$ 84.4 billion or up to 83% of China’s total trade surplus.
China’s economic growth prompted its outbound investment as well. Following the “going global” strategy, the Chinese government has taken a series of measures, such as relaxing the foreign exchange control on outbound investment, to encourage Chinese entrepreneurs to invest abroad, particularly in developing countries. In 2005, China’s outbound direct investment amounted to US$ 6.92 billion, representing an increase of 53.6% over the previous year. Developing countries in Asia and Africa were major destinations for Chinese investors, taking up 67.2% of China’s total outbound investment of the year. It is hopeful that this investment has made contributions to the economy of host countries, especially the developing members.
(II). China has earnestly fulfilled its WTO commitments and honored its obligations within the multilateral trading system.
Madame Chairperson, while making significant progress in its own development, China has taken on itself international responsibility consistent with its commitments and the level of development.
To fulfil its WTO accession commitments, China has undertaken a lot of capacity-building programs on WTO-related subjects as well as publicity and educational campaigns to enhance general awareness of WTO principles so as to generate greater public support. Since its accession, the Chinese government has staged series of WTO training programs for senior public servants from all over the nation. In addition, educational programs targeting broader sectors of business community and society have also been performed to the benefit of various stakeholders. The above efforts have turned WTO a household name in China and won extensive support for the fulfillment of accession commitments.
With the lapse of four years up to now, the extensive commitments made by China at the time of accession have been comprehensively and fully implemented. China’s average tariff level of industrial goods was lowered from 14.8% before its accession to 9.1% in 2005. During the same period, the tariff level of agricultural products was down from 23.2% to 15.3%. Its tariff lines has been 100% bound based on the applied rates. China becomes a relatively low-tariff member within the WTO. China has completely phased out import quantitative restrictions. Its tariff quota system has been improved in line with its commitments. Over 10 service sectors and 100 sub-sectors including banking, insurance, distribution, telecoms, legal services and accounting have been liberalized to the committed levels. China’s trade-related laws, regulations and rules have been extensively reviewed and brought into full compliance with its commitments on accession. The WTO Secretariat report has demonstrated clearly with an annex of tables listing all the major legislative efforts by China to enact or modify its trade laws and regulations.
China has made tremendous efforts in IPR protection. IPR protection is a global issue, a challenge faced by even many developed Members. Although a gap remains between China and developed Members in IPR protection, which is caused by a variety of reasons including the level of economic development and technological competence, it still needs to be pointed out that within merely twenty years, a complete legislative and enforcement system for IPR protection has been put in place in China, the biggest developing country with a population of 1.3 billion, and that the public awareness about IPR protection has been dramatically raised. Most typically, since China’s WTO accession, all its IPR-related laws and regulations have been amended to conform to the TRIPs Agreement and the IPR enforcement efforts have been continuously intensified. In addition, China has since 2004 designated a week in April every year as the week to campaign for IPR protection, with the aim of reminding every citizen that IPR violation is a crime and will be penalized by the law. All these are concrete measures by the Chinese government and have produced positive results. China is determined to constantly improve IPR protection through long-standing efforts.
(III). China practices an opening-up policy based on the principle of mutual benefits.
Madame Chairperson, China adheres to the policy of opening-up over the course of its development. At the same time, China believes strongly in the principle of mutual benefits for win-win results.
Against the backdrop of economic globalization, international investments in China have been growing steadily. Industrial redeployments are taking place at international level on the basis of comparative advantage, reflecting a major trend of the global economy. In this process, China has remained committed to opening-up and international cooperation for sustainable development. One feature of our trade structure is that processing trade constitutes a fairly large proportion but actually generates relatively low added value in China. What China gets is moderate processing fees from this type of international division of labor. This trade pattern reflects the needs of China for more job creation. At the same time, China has been providing overseas consumers with quality goods for very good prices. This has played a positive role in keeping inflation rates low in importing countries. It has also contributed to job creation and economic growth for those members who export equipment, materials and other inputs to China. China has trade surplus with some members but runs trade deficits with others. And it is fair to say that some of those trade surpluses or deficits shift from place to another along with flows of foreign investments. In general, China only has a limited surplus and it is not our policy to pursue trade surplus. China stands for rough balance in trade and is ready to work with its trading partners toward that end. On the other hand, we call on some members to relax their current export restrictions and do more to facilitate their firms to export more to the Chinese markets.
Madame Chairperson, through arduous efforts, China has lifted hundred of millions of its people out of poverty. In this regard, China has also made concrete efforts commensurate with its capacity to help other developing nations, especially the least developed countries (LDCs) and heavily-indebted poor countries (HIPCs). So far, China has conducted more than 2,000 aid programs towards 110 countries and regional organizations; China has written off a total of RMB 16.6 billion yuan in debts owed by 44 developing countries. Last September, at the high-level meeting on financing for development on the United Nations’ 60th Anniversary, Chinese President HU Jintao announced following five concrete measures on increasing assistance to other developing countries:
1. China will give duty-free treatment to products from the 39 LDCs that have diplomatic relations with China, covering most China-bound exports from those countries.
2. China will further expand its aid programs to the Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) and LDCs. Through bilateral arrangements over the next two years, we will write off all the overdue parts as of year-end 2004 of our concessionary loans owed by HIPCs having diplomatic relations with China.
3. Over the next three years, China will provide US$10 billion in concessionary loans and preferential credits to developing countries to improve infrastructure development and promote business partnership.
4. China will provide more medical assistance to developing countries by supplying more anti-malaria drugs and other medicines, building medical facilities and training medical staff. Specific programs will be implemented through such mechanism as the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation as well as bilateral channels.
5. China will contribute more in human resources development by committing itself to train 30,000 personnel of various professions for developing countries over the next three years.
All the above measures are in the process of implementation.
The WTO Secretariat has recently circulated a document entitled Market Access Issues Related to Products of Export Interest Originating from Least Developed Countries, (WT/COMTD/LDC/W/38 and TN/MA/S/19), which suggests that since 1999 China has remained the third largest export market for LDCs, next only to the EC and US. In 2003, 93.3% of the exports from LDCs to China entered duty free, and China absorbed 50.1% of the imports by all developing countries from LDCs. In September 2005, China announced to provide greater duty-free market access to LDCs to cover eventually 95.2% of their products.
Madame Chairperson, China is of the view that trade disputes should be properly addressed through dialogue on equal footing, in accordance with WTO rules and principles. In this spirit, China has properly accommodated and resolved many issues with its trading partners and maintained the stability of international trade relations. China is firmly opposed to trade protectionism and any discriminatory measures that run counter to the basic WTO spirit.
(IV). As a firm proponent in WTO mission and principle, China has been playing a constructive role in the multilateral trade negotiations.
Madame Chairperson, China is a firm proponent and upholder of the multilateral trading system. China attaches great importance to the ongoing DDA negotiations and has so far tabled more than 40 proposals and position papers which cover many sectors of the negotiations. Furthermore, it hosted a Mini-Ministerial WTO conference in Dalian, China in July 2005 to facilitate in-depth discussions and negotiations on those difficult issues in the negotiations. At the Hong Kong WTO Ministerial in December 2005, China played a constructive role for the success of the conference.
China is of the view that the Doha Round must place the theme of development to its heart. Developed members should take on more responsibilities so that the multilateral trading system can reflect the trade interests of all members in a more balanced manner. Despite the extensive commitments made by China upon its accession and the numerous difficulties in fulfilling the commitments, China is fully committed to the DDA and is willing to work with others and make appropriate contributions in the process of WTO negotiations compatible with its own capacities.
II. Highlights of China’s Macro-economic Policy and the Latest Five-Year Development Programme
(I). Promoting economic growth by expanding domestic demand
Madame Chairperson, China’s Government Policy Statement contains elaborations on our macro-economic policy, which I am not going to repeat. I just want to stress the point that it is our set policy to seek economic growth by stimulating domestic demands and it will remain so in the long run.
Between 1998 and 2004, China practiced an expansionary fiscal policy aimed at expanding domestic demand whereby long-term treasury bonds on infrastructure building were issued to drive up investments and spur economic growth. During this period, investments in infrastructure were very high, resulting in the fastest development in infrastructure. This being an effective stimulant, private investments also picked up substantially and foreign investments stayed vigorous. The collective effect of various investments resulted in a rapid increase in China’s overall fixed asset investments. Investments became a critical driving force behind China’s economic growth. Between 2001 and 2005, China registered an accumulative total of RMB29.5 trillion yuan or US$3.6 trillion in fixed assets investment, higher than the aggregate such investments between 1981 and 2000. While investments continue to fuel economic growth in China, the Chinese government also seeks to expand consumer demands, especially by those 700 million farmers and the rural markets.
In his work report to the 4th plenary session of the 10th National People Congress held in March 2006, Chinese Premier Wen Jiabao stated clearly that the government would adhere to the policy of expanding domestic demand so that consumption can play a bigger role in China’s economic growth. To that end, the Chinese government will take a series of policy measures including those for increasing incomes of residents, improving environment of consumption, streamlining credit policy and uplifting consumer expectations.
(II) .On the 11th Five-year Programme
The latest Five-Year Programme for National Economic and Social Development is designed to fully reflect the scientific outlook on development and the philosophy of building a harmonious society in the context of China in its pursuit of social-economic development. It lays out the expected objectives of social-economic development during the period of 2006-2010. Given its importance, I would like to highlight here some of the main features of this document.
The two fundamental goals for China’s development over the next five years are: 1) to maintain an average 7.5% annual GDP growth rate; and 2) to reduce energy consumption per unit GDP by 20% and the discharge of major pollutants by 10%. The policy has the following orientations.
First, more attention will be directed to the three-fold issue of agriculture, rural development and farmers.
In the course of China’s economic development in the past two decades, agriculture has increasingly been left behind. Currently, China’s agriculture still relies on small-scale farming with low productivity. On average, the quantity of grains, meat and fruits produced by a Chinese farmer a year is less than 10% of that in a developed country. Farmers have very low incomes. Nearly 200 million farmers in China still earn less than one dollar a day. Underdeveloped rural infrastructure is an increasingly pronounced problem. Other problems include weak education, backward social welfare, and tremendous pressure resulting from surpluses in agricultural population.
Over the next five years, China will intensify rural infrastructure development with a view to improving rural landscape and increasing farmer incomes. We will have to give more support to agriculture and carry out reforms in rural institutions, compulsory education in the countryside and the fiscal management systems in counties and villages so as to practically push forward the building of socialist “new countryside”.
Second, technological innovation, energy conservation and environmental protection are priority areas in China’s further economic restructuring.
In the past, the mode of economic growth was pretty extensive, which takes a heavy toll on energy and resources, puts mounting pressure on the eco-environment, and weakens innovative capabilities. If this situation is not fundamentally reversed, long-term economic stability and sustainable growth is hard to come by, and therefore it would be difficult for China to make lasting contributions to the world economy.
In the next five years, China would optimize the industrial structure, and pay more attention to save resources and protect the environment in the process of its development. This means that more rigorous environmental, safety, energy, water and resource-using standards as well as stricter quality, technology and scale criteria would be introduced to usher in better industrial structure. And businesses would be encouraged to play a bigger role in technological innovation driven by market forces, and more emphasis will be placed on combining the forces of industries with academics in research and innovation so as to raise its overall technological competence of our country.
Third, greater importance will be attached to balancing regional development.
The imbalance of social-economic development between different regions of China is a serious challenge on China’s way to development. Until the early 21st century, this imbalance had been gradually widening.
To close up the gap in development between regions and to promote their harmonious development, the Chinese government has implemented step by step its regional development strategies over the past few years. We have increased the level of support to underdeveloped regions. We have launched the strategy of western region development and that of revitalizing the old industrial bases in northeast China. An overall strategic pattern for coordinated development among different regions in China is gradually taking shape. It should be pointed out that over the next five years, the development policies will be tailored to the resources, environmental capacities and development potentials of each region.
Madame Chairperson, as its set national policy, China would continue to deepen its reform and opening-up by balancing domestic development with the needs of opening-up. China would continue to pursue the opening-up strategy under the principle of mutual benefits for win-win results. China is devoted to sustainable development in years ahead. I believe that the common aspiration shared by both China and its trading partners is to realize sustainable development and improve people’s living standards on a long-term basis. It is also the fundamental mission of the WTO. For the sake of sustainable development and common prosperity, China is willing to work closely with all WTO Members in developing the robust ties of dialogue and cooperation between us, and China is prepared to do whatever it can to strengthen trade and economic exchanges with our partners through out the world.
Madam Chairperson, the multilateral trading system represented by the WTO has played an irreplaceable role in improving the stability and predictability of international trade environment. It has contributed a lot to the growth of the world economy. The positive experience of China since its accession to the WTO has illustrated the point pretty well. China is, therefore, firmly committed to the multilateral trading system and will continue to participate in all WTO undertakings in a constructive and steadfast manner. In this regard, we would like to call on Members to redouble the efforts in trying to move forward the Doha Round negotiations at this crucial juncture, and to deliver faithfully and comprehensively the mandate of development in order to benefit people all over the world.
My colleagues and I will listen attentively to the comments of Ambassador Gafoor, the discussant and other members on China’s trade policy. We would also try our best to respond to the questions and comments that might follow.
I thank you, Madame Chairperson.
智能问答
